Discuss about Cervical Cancer in the US, cause, statistics(incidence rate), Racial/ethnic disparities, risk factors, and symptoms (explaining at the end how health care providers should educate patients on cervical cancer risks, symptoms to be aware, and screening). **See main points below with citations. Keep in mind all this information comes straight from the articles and website, need to paraphrase to avoid plagiarism .
- Cervical cancer is a potentially preventable disease; however, it is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide. Cervical cancer is thought to develop through a multistep process involving virus, tumor suppressor genes, proto-oncogenes and immunological factors. It is known that human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is necessary but insufficient to cause malignancy. At present, the etiology ofcervical carcinoma remains poorly understood. XIAO, S., ZHOU, Y., YI, W., LUO, G., JIANG, B., TIAN, Q. I., . . . XUE, M. (2015).
-In 2015, the latest year for which incidence data are available, 12,845 new cases of Cervical Cancer were reported, and 4,175 women died of Cervical Cancer in the United States. For every 100,000 women, 8 new Cervical Cancer cases were reported and 2 died of cancer.
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States, exceeded only by heart disease. One of every four deaths in the United States is due to cancer.
CDC, 2018. Leading Cancer Cases and Deaths, Female, 2015. https://gis.cdc.gov/Cancer/USCS/DataViz.html
- Racial and geographical disparities. Although black women experienced greater cervical cancer incidence and mortality rate reduction in recent years, they continue to have higher incidence rates than whites. Great variations also exist among geographic regions of the US, with the South having both the highest incidence and mortality rates compared to other regions. Yoo, W., Kim, S., Huh, W. K., Dilley, S., Coughlin, S. S., Partridge, E. E., . . . Bae, S. (2017).
- Although there has been a drop in the overall incidence of newly diagnosed cervical cancers, minority populations continue to be disproportionately affected by cervical cancer.10 African American, Hispanic, and Asian American women reportedly demonstrate higher incidence and mortality rates than white women --Nardi, C., Sandhu, P., & Selix, N. (2016). Cervical cancer screening among minorities in the united states. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 12(10), 675-682.
In Alabama in 2015, there were 237 new cases of Cervical Cancer. For every 100,000 women, 9 Cervical Cancer cases were reported. The same year, there were 112 women who died of Cervical Cancer. For every 100,000 women in Alabama, 4 died of Cervical Cancer.
CDC, 2018. Cancer burden: Alabama. https://gis.cdc.gov/Cancer/USCS/DataViz.html
-Almost all cervical cancers are caused by HPV. Other things also can increase your risk of cervical cancer.
-Risk factors: Almost all cervical cancers are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), a common virus that can be passed from one person to another during sex. There are many types of HPV. Some HPV types can cause changes on a woman’s cervix that can lead to cervical cancer over time, while other types can cause genital or skin warts.
HPV is so common that most people get it at some time in their lives. HPV usually causes no symptoms so you can’t tell that you have it. For most women, HPV will go away on its own; however, if it does not, there is a chance that over time it may cause cervical cancer.
-Other things can increase your risk of cervical cancer—
- Smoking.
- Having HIV (the virus that causes AIDS) or another condition that makes it hard for your body to fight off health problems.
- Using birth control pills for a long time (five or more years).
- Having given birth to three or more children.
- Having several sexual partners.
CDC, 2017. What Are the Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer? https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/cervical/basic_info/risk_factors.htm
-Symptoms of Cervical Cancer: Early on, cervical cancer may not cause signs and symptoms. Advanced cervical cancer may cause bleeding or discharge from the vagina that is not normal for you, such as bleeding after sex. If you have any of these signs, see your doctor. They may be caused by something other than cancer, but the only way to know is to see your doctor. CDC, 2017. Cervical cancer symptoms. https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/cervical/basic_info/symptoms.htm
***Please use my references. If you add any new reference, it must be from scholarly peer review articles, nothing from .com, or other online books,etc.
*** Avoid starting any sentence with “This, these, it” a
*** try to avoid “as well as” as much as possible
**Please don’t forget to back up all the paper with citations!
Thank you!
