Prevention of cervical cancer and the Role of health care providers
- Initiate paper discussing about cervical cancer statistics, then prevention, National prevention program (as the CDC) and the role of health care providers. **See main points below with citations. Keep in mind all this information comes straight from the articles and website, need to paraphrase to avoid plagiarism .
- Cervical cancer is the third most prevalent cancer among women and the fourth most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide[1, 2]. In the United States, the incidence of cervical cancer has decreased dramatically due to the widespread uptake of the Papanicolaou smear in routine screening and treatment of high-grade precursor lesions[3]. Despite this, the incidence of cervical cancer remain substantial, particularly among black and Hispanic women and in populations in Southern regions[3–5]. Women who are uninsured or do not have a regular health care provider remain at higher risk for developing this disease. Markt, S. C., Tang, T., Cronin, A. M., Katz, I. T., Howitt, B. E., Horowitz, N. S., . . . Wright, A. A. (2018).
-Cervical cancer is highly preventable because screening tests and a vaccine to prevent human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are available. When cervical cancer is found early, it is highly treatable and associated with long survival and good quality of life.
- Cervical cancer incidence in the United States has decreased significantly since the adoption of the Pap test and HPV testing, and there is a significant inverse correlation between rates of cervical cancer screening and cervical cancer incidence. Yoo, W., Kim, S., Huh, W. K., Dilley, S., Coughlin, S. S., Partridge, E. E., . . . Bae, S. (2017).
The Role of the health care providers? Screening, education (Create awareness), offer the HPV vaccine
-Primary level of prevention is essential.
- Screening: Two screening tests can help prevent cervical cancer or find it early—pap smear and HPV test (Human Papilloma Virus)
- The Pap test is critical for the early detection and prevention of cervical cancer. Cervical cancer does not develop suddenly, but it starts with abnormal changes in cervical cells. These precancerous changes of the cervix are defined as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and are graded by severity, from CIN1 to CIN3, with CIN3 being carcinoma in situ, meaning the abnormal cells have not extended beyond the tissues of the cervix. Nardi, C., Sandhu, P., & Selix, N. (2016).
- Screening guidelines: The USPSTF recommends screening for cervical cancer every 3 years with cervical cytology alone in women aged 21 to 29 years. (A recommendation) The USPSTF recommends screening every 3 years with cervical cytology alone, every 5 years with hrHPV testing alone, or every 5 years with hrHPV testing in combination with cytology (cotesting) in women aged 30 to 65 years. (A recommendation) The USPSTF recommends against screening for cervical cancer in women younger than 21 years. (D recommendation) The USPSTF recommends against screening for cervical cancer in women older than 65 years who have had adequate prior screening and are not otherwise at high risk for cervical cancer. (D recommendation) The USPSTF recommends against screening for cervical cancer in women who have had a hysterectomy with removal of the cervix and do not have a history of a high-grade precancerous lesion or cervical cancer. Citation below…
US Preventive Services Task Force (2018). Screening for cervical cancer us preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association, 320(7), 674-686. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.10897
*The HPV vaccine protects against the types of HPV that most often cause cervical, vaginal, and vulvar cancers. It is recommended for preteens (both boys and girls) aged 11 to 12 years, but can be given as early as age 9 and until age 26. The vaccine is given in a series of either two or three shots, depending on age. It is important to note that women who are vaccinated against HPV still need to have regular tests to screen for cervical cancer.
*More Steps to Help Prevent Cervical Cancer. These things may also help lower your risk for cervical cancer—Don’t smoke, Use condoms during sex, Limit your number of sexual partners.
CDC 2018. Cervical Cancer. https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/cervical/basic_info/prevention.htm
-To address disparities, a number of federal and state programs have aimed to increase cervical cancer screening rates and improve access to care for disadvantaged populations, including ethnic minorities, low-income, underinsured, and uninsured women. Markt, S. C., Tang, T., Cronin, A. M., Katz, I. T., Howitt, B. E., Horowitz, N. S., . . . Wright, A. A. (2018).
-CDC’s National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP) provides breast and cervical cancer screenings and diagnostic services to low-income, uninsured, and underinsured women across the United States. Services the NBCCEDP Provide? Local NBCCEDP programs offer the following services for eligible women—Pap tests, Pelvic examinations, Human papillomavirus (HPV) tests, Diagnostic testing if results are abnormal, Referrals to treatment.
CDC,2015. National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP). https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/nbccedp/screenings.htm
- Healthcare providers should create awareness of the national prevention programs
- Discuss about: National Gynecologic Cancer Awareness Campaign by the CDC
CDC developed the national gynecologic cancer awareness campaign, Inside Knowledge: Get the Facts About Gynecologic Cancer, to raise awareness of gynecologic cancers, including cervical cancer.
The Inside Knowledge campaign raises awareness of the five main types of gynecologic cancer: cervical, ovarian, uterine, vaginal, and vulvar. Inside Knowledge encourages women to pay attention to their bodies, so they can recognize any warning signs and seek medical care. Inside Knowledge offers a variety of television and radio public service announcements in English and Spanish, as well as other videos and educational resources for women and health care providers.
CDC, 2018. What CDC Is Doing About Gynecologic Cancers. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/gynecologic/what_cdc_is_doing/
CDC’s National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP) provides breast and cervical cancer screenings and diagnostic services to low-income, uninsured, and underinsured women across the United States. Services the NBCCEDP Provide? Local NBCCEDP programs offer the following services for eligible women—Pap tests, Pelvic examinations, Human papillomavirus (HPV) tests, Diagnostic testing if results are abnormal, Referrals to treatment.
CDC,2015. National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP). https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/nbccedp/screenings.htm
**Role of health care provider: see this article…may help: will upload
Musa, J., Achenbach, C. J., Linda, C. O., Evans, C. T., McHugh, M., Hou, L., . . . Jordan, N. (2017). Effect of cervical cancer education and provider recommendation for screening on screening rates: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 12(9), 1-29. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0183924
THIS may help you too for the conclusion: “In closing, our study suggests that some of the excess mortality for non-Hispanic black women and reduced mortality for Hispanic women, relative to non-Hispanic white women, is mediated by factors such as insurance status, region and treatment. These findings suggest that enhancing existing insurance coverage and ensuring equal and adequate treatment in all women may be a key strategy for improving cervical cancer outcomes among non-elderly women. In addition, continued expansion of preventative services, such as immunization against HPV, a known cause of cervical cancer, should be encouraged”. Markt, S. C., Tang, T., Cronin, A. M., Katz, I. T., Howitt, B. E., Horowitz, N. S., . . . Wright, A. A. (2018).
***Please use my references. If you add any new reference, it must be from scholarly peer review articles, nothing from .com, or other online books,etc.
*** Avoid starting any sentence with “This, these, it” a
*** try to avoid “as well as” as much as possible
**Please don’t forget to back up all the paper with citations!
Thank you!
